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Furthermore, the growing energy crisis and environmental pollution are driving us to create energy-efficient and environmental-friendly routes for producing graphene on a large scale.
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(23) However, most of these approaches are expensive and time consuming and require toxic or hazardous chemicals as well as complex and harsh experimental conditions. To date, a number of methods have been developed to prepare graphene, such as mechanical exfoliation, (6) ultrasonic exfoliation, (12) chemical reduction, (13) epitaxial growth, (14) chemical vapor deposition (CVD), (15−17) physical vapor deposition, (18) laser induction, (19,20) flash Joule heating, (21,22) and carbon-ion implantation. This simple, green, and straightforward method for producing graphene may open a new route for turning waste into useful materials: an inexhaustible and pollution-free natural resource can be readily exploited by using a solar tracker-lens system for the large-scale production of graphene materials directly from low-cost biomass materials. The CSIG had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli. The antibacterial potential of the CSIG was also explored. Atomic force microscopy characterization revealed that the CSIG nanosheets have a thickness of ∼4 nm. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to confirm that the CSIG consists of a few layers of turbostratic graphene nanosheets. The Raman spectrum of the CSIG displayed two distinct peaks corresponding to the D and G bands at ∼1343 and ∼1568 cm –1, respectively. The resulting CSIG was characterized using a range of analytical techniques. The product is named concentrated-solar-induced graphene (CSIG) based on the process employed to generate it. On a sunny day, the sunlight was concentrated by a biconvex lens to form a focused light spot with a high temperature above 1000 ☌, which can directly convert fruit peels into graphene nanosheets within 2–3 s.
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The basic principle of this method is photothermal conversion. In this work, a green, facile, and rapid method was developed to prepare graphene directly from common biomass materials such as banana peels, cantaloupe peels, coconut peels, and orange peels by using concentrated solar radiation. Graphene is one of the most promising nanomaterials with many extraordinary properties and numerous exciting applications.